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| Varieties: | General Disease Prevention Medicine |
| Component: | Chemical Synthetic Drugs |
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| Product | Enramycin |
| CAS No. | 11115-82-5 |
| Appearance | White or yellowish white powder |
Enramycin is a kind of polypeptide antibiotics which composed by an unsaturated fatty acid and dozen amino acids. It is produced by Streptomyces fungicides. Enramycin was approved to be added in the feed for long-term use by Department of Agriculture in 1993, because of its safety and significantly.It has a strong anti-bacterial effective against gram-positive bacteria, the antibacterial mechanism is inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. It has strong bactericidal activity against the harmful Clostridium in the intestine, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and so on.
| Application | Enlamycin is fermented by actinomyces fungicidicus. It is A polypeptide antibiotic that combines unsaturated fatty acids with more than ten amino acids. The main components are Enlamycin A and B, which are used in the form of hydrochloride. White or yellowish white powder (coarse gray or grayish brown powder, with special odor). Decomposed at 234~238ºC, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, slightly soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, insoluble in acetone. Enlamycin has strong activity against gram-positive bacteria, especially against harmful Clostridium in the intestine. It is not easy to produce resistance after long-term use, because it changes the bacterial community in the gut, so the utilization of nutrients in the feed is good, can promote the weight gain of pigs and chickens and improve the feed conversion rate. The oral LD50 of enramycin is 10g per kg body weight for both rats and mice, and 522.9mg for 4-week-old broilers. However, enramycin (coarse crystal) for feed supplementation by oral administration has an LD50 of 11g per kg body weight for rats and mice and 8g for broilers. Teratogen and mutagenicity tests were negative. After oral administration, enlamycin only remains in the digestive tract and is not easily absorbed. 6~12h after the administration of broiler chickens, the excretion of enlamycin in the feces reached 87.0%~100%, and the residual amount of piglets was very small. After continuous use for 1 week, the residual amount in all tissues was less than 25μg/kg on the same day. After being excreted from chicken and pig feces, enramycin has no toxic effect on crops, fish and environment. Therefore, it is a safe and effective antibiotic for animals. When enramycin was stored at 40ºC for 4 months, the titer remained above 90%, but the titer was reduced when humidity was high. The enramycin in the added feed was kept at room temperature for 12 weeks, and the titer was not less than 90%. |
| Physicochemical characteristics | Enramycin is an organic base composed of 17 amino acid molecules and fatty acid molecules of 13 different kinds. Among them, the amino acid molecules form the ring polypeptide structure, and the fatty acid lies at the end of the polypeptide structure. According to the different types of terminal fatty acids, it is divided into enramycin A(C107H138Cl2N26O31) and Enramycin B(C108H140Cl2N26O31), and Enramycin is a mixture of these two components. Enlamycin hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder with a molecular weight of about 2500 and a melting point of 238~245ºC. It is easily soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, soluble in methanol, aqueous ethanol, insoluble in acetone, insoluble in benzene and chloroform. The enramycin hydrochloride has excellent stability to heat, light and moisture. Enlamycin has high stability in feed, rarely degrades in long-term storage at room temperature, and is also very stable in the process of making pellets, and the titer decreases little after long-term storage at room temperature after mixing with feed. Enlamycin is not degraded in the gut and can maintain its original antibacterial activity. |
| Advantage | 1) The microaddition of enramycin in the feed can play a good role in promoting growth and significantly increasing feed reward. 2) Enramycin showed good antibacterial action against gram-positive bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Enlamycin is extremely effective against Clostridium perfringens, which is the main cause of growth inhibition and necrotizing enteritis in pigs and chickens. 3) There is no cross-resistance to enramycin. 4) The development of resistance to enlamycin is very slow, and no enlamycin resistant Clostridium perfringens has been isolated. 5) Because enramycin is not absorbed in the intestine, there is no need to worry about drug residues, and there is no withdrawal period 6) Enlamycin is stable in the feed and remains active even during the processing of pellets. 7) Enlamycin can reduce the situation of chicken stool. 8) Enlamycin can inhibit ammonia producing microorganisms, thus reducing the ammonia concentration in the intestines and blood of pigs and chickens, thereby reducing the ammonia concentration in the livestock house. 9) Enlamycin can reduce the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis, probably because Enlamycin has a strong inhibitory effect on the anaerobic bacteria of secondary infection. |
| Clinical application research | Because enramycin has a wide range of anti-gram-positive bacteria and excellent growth promotion and improve feed utilization, it is often used as an antibiotic growth promotion agent in poultry, pigs and fish. Xu Chuanfu et al. used enramycin, aureomycin and bacitracin as three antibiotic additives in the feed to compare the production performance and economic benefits of 1200 AA broilers. The results showed that enramycin could significantly improve the performance of broilers, and the economic benefit was 3.75% and 31.6% higher than that of aureomycin and bacitracin groups, respectively. The feeding experiment showed that adding a small amount of enramycin in the piglets' diet could improve the digestibility of feed protein and dry matter, promote the growth of piglets, increase daily gain, reduce the diarrhea rate of piglets, and relieve stress. The addition of enlamycin 0.02‰ in the feed can significantly improve the weight gain effect of 60~120 days of age pigs, and improve the commercial performance of pigs. The addition of 2mg/kg and 6~8mg/kg enramycin in the feed can accelerate the growth rate of Carassius aurassii, and also reduce the feed coefficient, thus reducing the feed cost. |
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